Rabu, 23 Januari 2013
Rabu, 16 Januari 2013
Kelebihan dan Kekurangan VAR
Sebelum kita memperkirakan sebuah model, kita harus memastikan bahwa persamaan dalam sistem telah teridentifikasi.Dalam identifikasi ini sering muncul asumsi bahwa beberapa variabel yang telah ditentukan hadir hanya dalam beberapa persamaan.Keputusan ini sering subjektif dan telah dikritik oleh Christopher Sims. Menurut Sims, jika ada simultan yang nyata di antara variabel , mereka semua harus diperlakukan pada sebuah pijakan yang sama, tidak bolehada perbedaan mendasar antara endogen dan variabel eksogen. Hal ini yang menjadikan Sims mengembangkan model VAR-nya (Gujarati, 2004: 848).
Metode VAR yang mulai dikembangkan pada tahun 1980 oleh Sims adalah suatu sistem persamaan yang memperlihatkan setiap peubahsebagi fungsi linier dari konstanta dan nilai lag dari peubah itu sendiri sebagi nilai lag dari peubah lain yang ada dalam sistem yang mengasumsikan bahwa semua variabel yang terdapat dalam model bersifat endogen (ditentukan di dalam model). Oleh karena itu, metode VAR disebut sebagai model yang a-teoritis (tidak berlandaskan teori).Metode ini digunakan karena sering kita jumpai keadaan dimana teori ekonomi saja ternyata tidak mampu menangkap (tidak cukup kaya menyediakan spesifikasi) secara tepat dan lengkap hubungan dinamis antar variabel. Atau dengan kata lain, model VAR tidak banyak bergantung pada teori, melainkan perlu menentukan variabel yang saling berinteraksi, serta banyaknya variabel jeda yang perlu diikutsertakan dalam model tersebut (Nachrowi dan Usman, 2006: 289).
Kelebihan metode VAR dibanding metode ekonometrik lainnya adalah menurut Gujarati (2004) dan Enders (2004) adalah, 1) Metode VAR bebas dari berbagai batasan teori ekonomi yang sering ada,seperti variabel endogen dan eksogen palsu; 2) VAR mengembangkan model secarabersamaan dalam sistem multivarian yang kompleks, sehingga dapat menangkap semuahubungan antar variabel dalam persamaan; 3) Tes VAR multivarian dapat menghindariparameter yang bias karena menyampingkan variabel yang relevan; 4) Tes VAR dapat mendeteksi semua hubungan antar variabel dalam sistem persamaan dengan memperlakukan semua variabel, endogen; 5) Metode VAR adalah metode sederhana,dimana tidak perlu menentukan mana variabel yang endogen dan mana yang eksogen,karena VAR memperlakukan semua variabel, endogen; 6) Estimasi VAR sederhana, karenametode umum OLS dapat digunakan pada masing‐masing persamaan secara terpisah; dan 7)Prediksi estimasi yang diperoleh, lebih baik dalam berbagai kasus, dibanding dengan modelsimulataneous‐equation yang lebih rumit.
Sekalipun banyak kelebihan, model VAR tetap memiliki sisi lemah yang diringkas oleh Nachrowi dan Usman (2006: 291) diantaranya, 1) Model VAR lebih bersifat a-teoritik karena tidak memanfaatkan informasi atau teori terdahulu, sehingga tidak struktural; 2) Mengingat tujuan utama model VAR untuk peramalan, maka model VAR kurang cocok untuk analisis kebijakan; 3) Pemilihan banyaknya lag yang digunakan sering menimbulkan permasalahan; 4) Semua variabel dalam VAR harus stasioner, jika tidak maka harus ditransformasi; 5) Interpretasi koefisien yang didapat berdasarkan model VAR tidak mudah.
Kausalitas dalam VAR
Studi kausalitas ditujukan untuk mengukur kekuatan hubungan antar variabel dan menunjukkan arah hubungan sebab akibat XàY (X menyebabkan Y), atau Y-à X (Y menyebabkan X) maupunX ßàY (X menyebabkan Y dan Y juga menyebabkan X). Uji kausalitas granger jauh lebih bermakna dari uji korelasi biasa. Jika variabel y, tidak menyebabkan variabel lain, misalkan x, bisakah kita kemudian menganggap bahwa yang terakhir adalah eksogen? Sayangnya, jawabannya adalah tidak langsung. Jika kita berbicara tentang eksogenitas lemah, hal ini dapat menandakan bahwa kausalitas granger bukan diperlukan atau cukup untuk membangun eksogenitas. Di sisi lain, granger kausalitas diperlukan (tetapi tidak cukup) untuk eksogenitas kuat. Artinya, konsep kausalitas granger berguna sebagai alat deskriptif untuk waktu seri data (Gujarati, 2004: 701).
Dengan uji kausalitas Granger dapat diketahui beberapa hal, sebagai berikut, apakah X mendahului Y, apakah Y mendahului X, atau hubungan X dan Y timbal balik?, dan suatu variabel X dikatakan menyebabkan variabel lain, Y, apabila Y saat ini diprediksi lebih baik dengan menggunakan nilai‐nilai masa lalu X. Asumsi dalam uji ini adalah bahwa X dan Y dianggap sepasang data runtut waktu yang memiliki kovarians linear yang stasioner.
Does Islamic Banking Contribute to Economic Development? Evidence from Malaysia
Abstract
Does Islamic banking contribute to the economic development of a country? In what way Islamic banking contribute to the economic development? Are the main question might be asked to examine the viability of Islamic banking to the economic development. This paper attempts to answer those questions by examining the dynamic interactions between Islamic banking and economic development of Malaysia by employing the Cointegration test and Vector Error Model (VECM) to see whether the Islamic financial system contributes to the economic development and economic development that contribute to the transformation of the operation of the Islamic financial system in the long-run. We use time series data of total Islamic bank financing (IB financing) and real GDP per capita (RGDP), fixed investment (GFCF), and trade activities (TRADE) to represent real economic sectors. We found that in the short-run only fixed investment that granger cause Islamic bank to develop for 1997:1-2005:4. Where as in the long-run, there is evidence of a bidirectional relationship between Islamic bank and fixed investment and there is evidence to support ‘demand following’ hypothesis of GDP and Islamic bank, where increase in GDP causes Islamic banking to develop and not vice versa. Islamic banking is also found to have less contribution to the international trade in the form of export and import of goods and services.
Keywords: Islamic banking, economic growth, Malaysia, VECM
JEL Classification: C23, G21, L25, E01
Introduction
The link between financial development—broadly defined as an increase in the volume of financial services of banks and other financial intermediaries as well as financial transactions on capital markets—and economic growth has long been a major subject in the field of development economics. The financial sector plays a growth promoting role if it is able to direct financial resources towards the sectors that demand those most. When the financial sector is more developed, more financial resources can be allocated into productive use, and more physical capital being formed which can contribute positively to economic growth.
The Islamic financial system in Malaysia has evolved as a viable and competitive component on the overall financial system as a driver of economic growth and development. Malaysia has set up comprehensive Islamic financial infrastructures such as Islamic banking (1983), Islamic insurance (1984), Islamic capital market (1993), Islamic inter-bank money market (1994), Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) Shariah Index (1999) and in March 2001, Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM) launched the financial sector master plan which incorporated the 10-years master plan for Islamic banking and takaful that is aimed at creating an efficient, progressive and comprehensive Islamic financial system and at the same time, to promote Malaysia as regional financial centre for Islamic banking and finance. In the Financial Sector Master Plan, Central Bank of Malaysia has envisioned Islamic banking to constitute 20% of the banking market share in 2010 (BNM Annual Report, 2003).
In term of economic growth, Malaysia has a remarkable record of consistently high growth in the past three decades. The growth of GDP in real terms accelerated to 5.3 percent in 2005. As a country slightly shifted toward industrial country, industrial sectors and services contributed 80 percents to total of GDP of Malaysia. With total population 26.7 million, Malaysia maintains its Per capita GDP above US$ 3,000 since 1995.
A well developed Islamic financial system and a tremendous economic growth at the same time pull our attention to examine whether or not the Islamic banking system that currently applied in Malaysia really contribute in the long-run to economic growth of Malaysia. To do this, we will look at the dynamic interactions between finance and growth by applying models where the financial system influences economic growth and economic growth transforms the operation of the financial system.
- Islamic Banking in Malaysia
Malaysia established the first Islamic bank in July 1983 with the incorporation of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad. After a decade, in March 1993, Malaysia introduced an Interest free banking scheme (SPTF). Under this scheme 17 conventional financial institutions (9 commercial banks, 6 finance companies, and 2 merchant banks) participated and offered Islamic-financing techniques by opening separate Islamic counters in their branches known as ‘Islamic windows’. In the second decade, as at the end-December 2003, the Islamic banking system had 33 players, comprising 2 Islamic banks, and 31 conventional banking institutions participating in the Islamic Banking Scheme that consisted of 9 commercial banks, 4 foreign banks, 7 finance companies, 4 merchant banks and 7 discount houses (BNM Annual Report, 2003).
The rapid evolution of the domestic Islamic financial system has set the stage for its global integration. Now developmental efforts in Islamic finance have also been intensified to position Malaysia as an international Islamic financial hub that will have a greater role in facilitating international economic and financial flows. These efforts have been directed towards institutional development, enhancing the domestic financial infrastructure, strengthening the Shari’ah and legal infrastructure, and promoting greater international integration. In line with measures to promote foreign participation and the transfer of knowledge and expertise, foreign equity participation of up to 49% has been allowed in Islamic banking subsidiaries and new takaful companies in Malaysia. In 2005, Malaysia issues licenses for foreign Islamic bank to operate in Malaysia and transforms the ‘Islamic windows’ in conventional banks to ‘Islamic subsidiaries’ (BNM Annual Report, 2005).
In term of financial performance, the Islamic banking industry as a whole showed commendable results in 2005, with profitability and assets surpassing for the first time the RM 1 billion and RM 100 billion thresholds respectively. The total assets of the Islamic banking sector in 2005 increased significantly by RM16.8 billion or 17.7% to RM111.8 billion with more than half of the increase attributable to a 16.5% (RM9.5 billion) growth in total financing. As at the end-2005, total outstanding financing amounted to RM67.4 billion (2004: RM57.8 billion) or 60.2% of the total Islamic banking assets (BNM Annual Report, 2005: 166)
The good performance and rapid growth of Islamic financial industries in Malaysia, nevertheless, proved the feasibility of the system. The system has become an integral part of the country’s financial system in both total assets and the number of players in the industry. However, some evaluations are important not only to verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the financial system and products but most importantly to examine its contribution to the economic development in general. As it has been declared by Dr Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia, “our quest to develop a dynamic Islamic financial system is to achieve the ultimate objective for Islamic finance that contributes significantly toward the overall development of our economies. This is achieved through the intermediation process to facilitate trade, business and investment. This will facilitate the integration of the Islamic financial system as a viable component of the global financial system”.
- Finance and Growth Nexus: A Literature Review
The issue on finance and economic growth is actually dating far back into the 19th century at least where Joseph A. Shumpeter (1912) argued the importance of the banking system on the level and growth rate of national income in fostering economic development via the identification and funding of productive investment.
More recently, many studies have attempted to deepen this analysis empirically by exploring specific indicators to explain the causal relationship between finance and growth. Three apriori possibilities come to fore, (1) financial development is a determinant of economic growth—“supply-leading”; (2) financial development follows economic growth—“demand-following”; and (3) bidirectional causality between finance and growth.
The empirical test results, however, are mixed and the causality patterns appear to be diverse. Jung (1986), Demetriades and Luintel (1996), Ahmed and Ansari (1998), Rousseau and Wachtel (1998), Xu (2000), Arestis et al. (2001) and Fase and Abma (2003) argue that expansion of the financial system could have a positive repercussion on economic growth. The financial sectors in this case act as ‘supply leading’ to transfer resources from the traditional, low-growth sectors to the modern high-growth sectors and to promote and stimulate an entrepreneurial response in these modern sectors (Patrick, 1966:75).
Robinson (1952: 86), on the other hand, believes that economic growth leads to the development of financial sector, he called "where enterprise leads finance follows". In this regard, Masih and Masih’s study (1996) supports demand following hypothesis where economic growth causes financial sectors to develop. On this view the more rapid the growth of real national income, the greater will be the demand by enterprises for external funds (the saving of others) and therefore financial intermediation, since in most situations firms will be less able to finance expansion from internally generated depreciation allowance and retained profits. The financial system can thus support and sustain the leading sectors in the process of growth. In this case an expansion of the financial system is induced as a consequence of real economic growth or ‘demand following’.
On the other hand, the studies by Odedokun (1992) and Luintel and Khan (1999) favor bidirectional causality between finance and growth. Both financial and economic developments are causally related where financial development causes economic to grow and economic growth triggers financial sector to develop further.
However, there are also economists such as Lucas (1988) who believe that finance is not important at all. Harris (1997) confirms this theory. He provides evidence that stock market can not explain growth in per capita output. Furthermore, recent studies by Galindo and Micco (2004) provide cross-country evidence that state owned banks do not promote the growth rates of manufacturing industries that rely on external sources of funding for their operation and/or that due to reduced access to collateral face tighter financial constraints.
On the Islamic financial system, the empirical studies so far have been done to examine the efficiency, superiority and stability of Islamic bank compared to conventional bank to achieve some intermediate monetary target for the ultimate target which is concentrated towards the achievement of sustaining real economic growth, reducing inflation and lowering unemployment. The results, however, are mixed. Darrat (1988) found that interest-free banking system is more superior to achieve the monetary target, meanwhile Yousefi et al (1997) and Yusuf and Wilson (2005) found no evidence of the superiority and stability of interest-free banking system compared to interest based banking system. Specific empirical studies on relationship Islamic finance and economic growth however is very rare.
(Writen by: Hafas Furqani & Ratna Mulyany on TIFBR Journal)
Selasa, 15 Januari 2013
ANALISA PENGARUH VARIABEL MAKROEKONOMI TERHADAP STABILITAS PERBANKAN GANDA DI INDONESIA
ABSTRACT
Nurul Anisak. Analysis of Macroeconomic Variables Influence on Dual Banking Stability in Indonesia.
Financial instability phenomenon that happened such financial crises influenced on banking stability directly or indirectly through macroeconomic shocks.
The aim of this research is to observe which bank is more stable on dual banking system in Indonesia and the influence of macroeconomic shock on their stability using VAR/VECM method.
The result from the average of z-score shows that shariah bank is more stable than conventional bank in Indonesia (15,49% for shariah bank dan 11,75% for conventional one). FEVD shows accordingly, macroeconomic shocks influence 50.73% for the variability of conventional bank and only 6.24% for shariah bank variability. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the 2,8% of shariah bank’s market share made itself easily influenced by macroconomic shocks than conventional bank as the result from IRF quantity of shariah bank which is bigger (1.19% by conventional bank stability and -2.12% from inflation) than conventional bank (0.29% by income and 1.43% from interest rate/SBI). The research suggested that one of the best way to increase shariah bank’s stability is to accelerate shariah bank’s market share development in Indonesia.
JEL Classification : A22, G20, G28.
Keywords: Banking Stability, Dual Banking System
Nurul Anisak. Analysis of Macroeconomic Variables Influence on Dual Banking Stability in Indonesia.
Financial instability phenomenon that happened such financial crises influenced on banking stability directly or indirectly through macroeconomic shocks.
The aim of this research is to observe which bank is more stable on dual banking system in Indonesia and the influence of macroeconomic shock on their stability using VAR/VECM method.
The result from the average of z-score shows that shariah bank is more stable than conventional bank in Indonesia (15,49% for shariah bank dan 11,75% for conventional one). FEVD shows accordingly, macroeconomic shocks influence 50.73% for the variability of conventional bank and only 6.24% for shariah bank variability. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the 2,8% of shariah bank’s market share made itself easily influenced by macroconomic shocks than conventional bank as the result from IRF quantity of shariah bank which is bigger (1.19% by conventional bank stability and -2.12% from inflation) than conventional bank (0.29% by income and 1.43% from interest rate/SBI). The research suggested that one of the best way to increase shariah bank’s stability is to accelerate shariah bank’s market share development in Indonesia.
JEL Classification : A22, G20, G28.
Keywords: Banking Stability, Dual Banking System
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Keberhasilan suatu sistem keuangan dapat dinilai dari beberapa hal, antara lain dilihat dari kinerjanya dalam mengalokasikan sumber daya perekonomian secara optimal sehingga mampu mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi, serta dilihat dari stabilitas sistem keuangan tersebut dalam menghadapi berbagai guncangan (Ascarya dan Yumanita, 2009). Sistem keuangan Indonesia secara keseluruhan makin berkembang luas ditandai dengan bermunculannya lembaga-lembaga keuangan serta instrumen keuangan yang ada di dalamnya. Kompleksitas dan keragaman pun berkembang ditandai dengan perkembangan lembaga keuangan syariah yang terdiri dari Lembaga Keuangan Bank (LKB) maupun Lembaga Keuangan Non Bank (LKNB) serta instrumen-instrumen di dalamnya yang dinilai lebih aman dan stabil karena sistem bagi hasil (profit and loss sharing) dan kepastian akad di dalamnya.
Ekonomi Islam diyakini memberikan solusi untuk membangun sistem keuangan syariah yang lebih stabil dan aman karena terbebas dari riba, maysir, dan gharar yang selama ini terdapat dalam sistem keuangan konvensional. Terbukti dengan banyak penelitian empiris yang membuktikan bahwa sistem keuangan dan perbankan Islam secara Internasional lebih stabil jika dibandingkan sistem keuangan konvensional seperti Iqbal (2001), Iqbal dan Molyneux (2006), Čihák, et al. (2008), Ascarya (2009a), Ascarya, et al. (2009). Instabilitas keuangan tersebut dapat dieksplorasi dengan melihat bagaimana guncangan ekonomi yang biasa terjadi saat krisis direspon oleh stabilitas perbankan konvensional dan syariah, sehingga diketahui sistem manakah yang lebih stabil.
Krisis telah terjadi di berbagai belahan dunia secara berulang dari masa ke masa sehingga menurut Laeven dan Valencia (2008), sepanjang tahun 1970-2007 terdapat 447 krisis yang terbagi menjadi 395 krisis keuangan (krisis perbankan, krisis mata uang dan krisis pembayaran hutang pemerintah), 42 twin crisis[1] dan 10 triple crisis[2]. Adapun krisis yang melanda Indonesia dan berdampak signifikan adalah seperti yang terjadi pada krisis multidimensi 1997-1998 dan krisis keuangan global pada 2007-2008 baru-baru ini.
Krisis keuangan 1997-1998 di Indonesia merupakan krisis yang memberikan beberapa dampak signifikan bagi stabilitas perbankan Indonesia. Diantara dampak yang ditimbulkan adalah inflasi yang melonjak menjadi 77,6%, pertumbuhan ekonomi yang merosot hingga -13,2% (Hatta dalam Ascarya, 2008) dan juga depresiasi nilai tukar rupiah yang mencapai angka Rp 10.000 / dolar AS menyebabkan terjadinya krisis perbankan karena kolapsnya beberapa bank swasta yang gagal membayar pinjamannya dalam bentuk mata uang asing (US Dollar). Pada saat itulah Bank Indonesia memutuskan untuk melakukan langkah-langkah penyelamatan bank-bank swasta. Sehingga pada 1 Nopember 1997 sebanyak 16 bank dilikuidasi, 7 bank dibekukan operasinya pada April 1998 dan pada 13 Maret 1999 terdapat 38 bank yang dilikuidasi (Surifah,2002). Berbeda dengan bank umum konvensional yang mengalami instabilitas, bank umum syariah justru memperlihatkan kestabilannya yang ditunjukkan dengan dikategorikan Bank Muamalat Indonesia sebagai bank sehat yang tidak berpotensi untuk kolaps atau bangkrut pada krisis 1997-1998 (berdasarkan pada hasil pengumuman Badan Pengawas Perbankan Nasional (BPPN) 13 Maret 1999).
Krisis baru-baru ini yang terjadi adalah krisis yang terjadi pada tahun 2007-2008 yang dikenal dengan subprime mortgage crises. Berawal dari krisis macet perumahan di Amerika pada semester akhir 2007, dalam hitungan bulan krisis tersebut menyebar kepada sektor keuangan dan juga sektor riil di berbagai Negara kawasan Eropa dan Amerika. Akibat lebih lanjut dari krisis finansial global ini adalah ekonomi dunia yang mengalami perlambatan sangat tajam pada triwulan terakhir 2008. AS, inggris, jepang serta negara maju lainnya mengalami fase resesi yang cukup serius pada tahun 2009 (Subekti, 2009). Banyaknya perusahaan investasi perumahan yang bangkrut mulai April 2007 seperti New Century Financial dan Shancae Landesbank Jerman dan Lembaga Keuangan Jerman (IKB) kehilangan investasi subprime mortgage dan dalam bentuk sekuritas sebesar USD 1 Miliar (Tempo dalam Depkominfo, 2010). Bukti dampak negatif krisis keuangan global 2008 pun bertambah dengan bangkrutnya beberapa perusahaan investasi raksasa seperti Bear Stearns, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, dan sekaliber Lehman Brothers (September 2008). Kejadian inilah yang mengakibatkan bank-bank Internasional di luar AS terkena dampak serius karena menginvestasikan dana nasabahnya pada sekuritas investasi perumahan di AS. Sehingga kebijakan bail out dan biaya stimulus untuk mempercepat pemulihan ekonomi pun tidak bisa dielakkan.
Dampak krisis keuangan 2008 yang dialami Indonesia secara langsung terhadap variabel makroekonomi adalah indikator IHSG yang terus menurun akibat terjadinya capital outflow besar-besaran di pasar saham dan kenaikan nilai tukar mata uang rupiah terhadap dolar AS. Salah satu penyebabnya anjloknya IHSG adalah kebijakan negara maju yang terkena imbas krisis dengan menarik dana-dana investasi yang ada di negara berkembang untuk bisa menciptakan gairah investasi dalam negeri yang sebelumnya lesu akibat krisis. Hal itu dibuktikan dengan pergerakan IHSG yang terus menurun dari titik puncak 2.830,26 pada Januari 2008 menjadi 1.111,39 pada 28 Oktober 2008 walaupun pemerintah telah melakukan suspen perdagangan selama 2 hari, yaitu 9 dan 10 Oktober 2008 ( lihat Grafik 1.1). Capital outflow yang ditunjukkan adalah penurunan nilai kapitalisasi saham BEI dari sebelumnya Rp. 1.995 triliun pada Februari 2008 menjadi Rp. 993 triliun pada November 2008, atau terjadi penurunan modal sebesar Rp. 1.002 triliun.
(Pemilik blog sbg salah satu pembimbing)
SMART-CONSULTING: Ekspertis Riset Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Keuangan Islam
SMART CONSULTING (Sharia econoMic Applied Research & Training) merupakan usaha jasa yang khusus bergerak dibidang konsultan tesis dan disertasi ekonomi dan keuangan syariah. Awal berdiri perusahaan ini dimotivasi oleh semangat knowledge sharing terhadap rekan-rekan kampus, dengan filosofi berangkat dari pemahaman minimnya transfer knowledge dibidang metodologi dan terbatasnya waktu konsultasi antara mahasiswa dengan dosen pembimbing. Sehingga sudah menjadi fenomena umum bahwa karya akhir mahasiswa menjadi penyebab utama lamanya waktu studi.
Melalui transfer knowledge atau pola bimbingan yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan nonformal berbasis pada hubungan personal tanpa batasan waktu. Kami yakin dapat membuat mahasiswa menjadi paham, kritis, dan analitis atas setiap kasus yang diteliti berdasarkan pada konsep dan tahapan metodologi komprehensif.
Seiring dengan perkembangan bisnis yang semakin kompetitif saat ini, sebesar itu juga semangat kami memberikan pelayanan yang maksimal terhadap pelanggan. Dengan moto pelayanan no payment without result membentuk kami untuk selalu mengedepankan kualitas dan orisinalitas dalam pelayanan kami. Sehingga merupakan kepuasan yang tak ternilai bagi kami ketika berhasil menjadikan seorang klien sebagai penulis yang berwawasan dan bertanggung jawab penuh atas karyanya.
Melalui transfer knowledge atau pola bimbingan yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan nonformal berbasis pada hubungan personal tanpa batasan waktu. Kami yakin dapat membuat mahasiswa menjadi paham, kritis, dan analitis atas setiap kasus yang diteliti berdasarkan pada konsep dan tahapan metodologi komprehensif.
Seiring dengan perkembangan bisnis yang semakin kompetitif saat ini, sebesar itu juga semangat kami memberikan pelayanan yang maksimal terhadap pelanggan. Dengan moto pelayanan no payment without result membentuk kami untuk selalu mengedepankan kualitas dan orisinalitas dalam pelayanan kami. Sehingga merupakan kepuasan yang tak ternilai bagi kami ketika berhasil menjadikan seorang klien sebagai penulis yang berwawasan dan bertanggung jawab penuh atas karyanya.
Jasa SMART Consulting
Jasa yang kami tawarkan untuk Anda :
Bimbingan Tesis, Dan Disertasi
Riset Terapan/Lapangan Untuk Pemasaran Dan Perilaku Sosial Untuk Perusahaan
Pengolahan Data Statistik Dengan Program SPSS, Eviews, Lisrel, Amos, Minitab, SAS
Penyediaan Data dan Jurnal
Proposal Bisnis
Bimbingan Tesis dan Disertasi
Kami siap membimbing Anda untuk menyelesaikan tugas akhir (Tesis, Disertasi), sampai selesai. Kami juga akan membantu Anda memahami Tesis/Disertasi yang Anda tulis sampai menguasai dan siap untuk mempertanggungjawabkan di ujian pendadaran nanti.
Dengan didukung oleh para konsultan yang berpengalaman dibidangnya, kami jamin anda dapat menyelesaikan Skripsi/Tesis/Disertasi Anda tepat pada waktunya. Jadi tunggu apalagi. Silahkan segera hubungi kami.
Jasa pembuatan Proposal Penelitian/Paper
Kami membantu bagi Anda yang kesulitan dalam perencanaan metodologi penelitian dari desain angket, pemilihan sampel, penentuan model analisis statistik berdasarkan pada konsep standart ilmiah.
Pengolahan Data Statistik
Kendala lainnya yang sering dialami mahasiswa adalah pengolahan data secara statistik. Karena merasa tidak mampu, banyak mahasiswa mencoba menghindari olah data statistik, padahal dengan data yang sudah terolah justru mempermudah pengambilan kesimpulan.
Adapun jenis olah data yang paling sering digunakan dalam penulisan karya ilmiah adalah Vector Autoregression (VAR) dan Error Correction Model (VECM), Analytic Hirarchi Process (AHP), Analytic Network Process (ANP), regresi logistik (Logit), regresi linear (sederhana dan berganda), korelasi, analysis of variance (anova), uji t, uji F, linearitas, uji normalitas, uji asumsi klasik (heteroskedastisitas, normalitas, multikolinearitas, autokorelasi), Kolmogorov Smirnov, validitas reliabilitas, one way, dan lain-lain. Untuk menguji secara statistik, banyak program olah data yang bisa dipergunakan, antara lain SPSS, SPS, E-Views, dan lain-lain.
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Transmission Mechanism on Dual Monetary System in Indonesia: Comparison Between Shariah and Conventional Instruments
Aam S. Rusydiana
1. FOREWORD
1.1. Background
The problem on money is a complex one. It relates to almost every aspects in economic. Because of that, the process in making monetary policy that can get through real sectors becomes a complex problem too. This process commonly known as transmission mechanism on monetary policy. This mechanism is a channel between monetary policy and economics (Pohan, 2008). Bernanke and Gertler stressed on credit channel, while Obstfeld and Rogoff stressed the concepts of transmission mechanism on value exchange policy (McCallum in Hardianto, 2004). Some economists agreed that transmission mechanism is a process between the cause of changing real GDP and inflation through monetary policy mechanism.
Abstract
The transmission mechanism of monetary policy has been an area of abundant economic research in many countries. The financial system links monetary policy and the real economy. Thus, events or trends that affect the financial system can also change the monetary transmission mechanism. This study tries to analyze transmission mechanism in Indonesian dual monetary system, using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methods.
The transmission mechanism of monetary policy has been an area of abundant economic research in many countries. The financial system links monetary policy and the real economy. Thus, events or trends that affect the financial system can also change the monetary transmission mechanism. This study tries to analyze transmission mechanism in Indonesian dual monetary system, using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) methods.
Results show that the relationship between LNIHK and shariah instruments: financing (LNFINCG), SBIS and PUAS is negative. It means, when the total of shariah financing be increase, it will gives positive contribution for reducing inflation rate in Indonesia, because with this system possibility to make equal growth among monetary and real sectors appears. Therefore, it will be strategic action for monetary authority to grow up shariah banking share in Indonesia, for minimizing ‘bad inflation’ in economy.
JEL Classification: C32, E31, E42, E52
Keywords: Transmission Mechanism, Dual Monetary System, Shariah Instruments, VAR/VECM
JEL Classification: C32, E31, E42, E52
Keywords: Transmission Mechanism, Dual Monetary System, Shariah Instruments, VAR/VECM
1. FOREWORD
1.1. Background
The problem on money is a complex one. It relates to almost every aspects in economic. Because of that, the process in making monetary policy that can get through real sectors becomes a complex problem too. This process commonly known as transmission mechanism on monetary policy. This mechanism is a channel between monetary policy and economics (Pohan, 2008). Bernanke and Gertler stressed on credit channel, while Obstfeld and Rogoff stressed the concepts of transmission mechanism on value exchange policy (McCallum in Hardianto, 2004). Some economists agreed that transmission mechanism is a process between the cause of changing real GDP and inflation through monetary policy mechanism.
Monetary authority in Indonesia, Bank Indonesia, uses interest rate instrument (SBI) in open market to influence the demand of loan which at last influence aggregated demand. Monetary transmission mechanism by interest rate start from short term rate to medium and long term rate (Warjiyo, 2003). When tight money policy is in use, the increase of interest rate will make banking-related sectors decreasing due to price lifting.
The increase of interest rate soon followed by decreasing in banking-related sectors because lender’s risks is increasing while lender’s income is decreasing. In other condition, uncompleted substitution between bonds and loan will make both instruments become coexisting to each other.
It happens because lender’s risks is increasing and lender’s income is decreasing. In condition where uncompleted substitution happens between bonds and loan, both instruments become coexistence to each other. Even so, the increase of interest rate doesn’t change lender’s business pattern from investments into bonds. In other condition, tight money policy will swing lender’s pattern of business from risky loan to safe bonds which soon followed by decreasing of aggregated demand because investors or lenders cut off their investments (Hardianto, 2004)
Since 1992, when the first shariah banking in Indonesia, Bank Muamalat, was established, there are dual banking system: interest rate system and free interest rate system. It was marked by the forming of SWBI (Wadiah Certificate of Bank Indonesia) instrument. This instrument base on the concept of profit sharing that gives flexibility to lenders in it. With this system, the increase of money in market will followed by the increase of real sectors.
It is possible that he existence of profit sharing system will swing consumer from interest rate to free interest rate system. Nevertheless, this mechanism substitution will also influence monetary policy and reduce negative effects due to loan decreasing in conventional system as impact of loan increasing in free interest rate system that balances the growth in monetary sectors and real sectors. They’ll all add shariah loan proportion in economics which give pressure on inflation rate.
This paper tries to identify monetary transmission process in Indonesia, which applies dual monetary system, by comparing financing and credit in conventional banking. It tries to prove whether shariah financing mechanism, especially in production, is capable of balancing the growth monetary and real sectors to keep inflation rate low. It also tries to measure the shariah monetary instruments’ effectiveness in generating real sectors.
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